Treatment Of The Mentally Ill And The Prison System

In the Frontline presentation, â€Å"The New Asylums†, the program explored the lives in prison of several Ohio inmates. The presentation presented numerous distinct issues of the treatment of the mentally ill in the prison system. The most significant issues presented within the program were the medical treatment received both in and out of the prison system, factors that influence punishment, isolation and medication, the length of the sentencing the mentally ill receive, and why prisons seem to have become the new asylums. One of the most controversial issues regarding the mentally ill and the prison system is the medical treatment received. According to the film, â€Å"16% of the prison population in the state of Ohio, which reflects a national average, are persons who have been diagnosed with mental illness.† Prisons began as an institution designed to rehabilitate, however, a vast majority of prisons throughout the country do not provide adequate medical care for their mentally ill inmates. However, the prisons that do possess adequate health care are most likely the first instance in which the inmates with mental illness have received any sort of treatment in their entire life. People with chronic mental illness need constant supervision which they cannot get outside of prison. Although inmates does not receive the most extensive treatment, the treatment they do receive is well beyond the treatment they would have received had they stayed out of the criminal justice system.Show MoreRelatedMental Health Treatment Of Mentally Ill Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagesinsufficient for the mentally ill population. Mentally ill individuals were send back to society despite of their prevailing circumstances. The lack of assistance made mentally ill individuals to commit a high percentage of crimes due to their state of mind. Mentally ill individuals who had committed crimes were being incarcerated instead of forcing them to receive mental health treatm ent. According to Schneider (2008) the percentage of mentally ill entering the Criminal Justice System has increased 10Read MoreThe Death Of Christopher Lopez918 Words   |  4 PagesA lawsuit has been filed over the death of Christopher Lopez who was a diagnosed mentally ill inmate. On March 17, 2013 Lopez died while incarcerated in the San Carlos Correctional Facility. Lopez died on a concrete floor struggling to breathe while guards watched through the food slot to his cell. The reality of it which is why this is beyond frustrating and unacceptable in America is because Lopez s was a schizophrenic. Lopez was given a psychotropic drug to deal with his schizophrenia. LopezRead MoreEssay Mentally Ill in Prison698 Words   |  3 Pagesfield about treatment of the mentally ill in the prison system. When a person with a mental illness commits a crime or break the law, they are immediately taken to jail or sent off to prison instead of being evaluated and placed in a hospital or othe r mental health facility. â€Å"I have always wondered if the number of mentally ill inmates increased since deinstitutionalization† Since prison main focus is on the crimes inmates are incarcerated; the actual treatment needed for the mentally ill is secondaryRead MoreMentally Ill Criminals : Punishment Vs. Treatment1524 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Mentally Ill Criminals : Punishment vs. Treatment When a mentally ill offender is brought before the court, the appointed judge has to make a difficult decision, determining whether treatment or punishment would be more effective in the case. Cases may differ, some may be more deliberate and perplexing while others are straightforward, but more research is needed for cases involving the mentally ill no matter how simple they may seem. Many factors are measured when a mentally ill criminalRead MoreThe Treatment Of The Mentally Ill1581 Words   |  7 Pagesdealing with the mentally ill by hiding those plagued, away in a prison cell to be forgotten. Despite the success of Dorothea Dix in solving the problems with adverse conditions in the prison system, we have come full circle and are currently back where we started over a century ago. There has been so much focus put on housing the mentally ill, we have all but forgotten about any type of treatment plans to help the overall growing problem. The handling of the mentally ill in th e prison system was on a collisionRead MoreEssay on Prisoners and The Development of Severe Mental Illness1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmental health treatment necessary. The lack of attention allocated to the sanity of prisoners with mental illness is a haunting reality given that these people eventually return to the free world following their time in prison. Due to the punitive tendencies of the prison system, prison will likely only exacerbate peoples preexisting mental illnesses, making them susceptible to recidivism, or further engaging in criminal behavior. This paper will examine the links between the prison system’s mentalityRead MoreThe Community Mental Health Centers Act Of 1963 Closed State Psychiatric Hospitals1191 Words   |  5 Pagesillness was viewed as a demonic possession or a religious punishment. In the 18th century, the attitudes towards mental illness were negative and persistent. This negativity leads to the stigmatization and confinement of those who we re mentally ill. The mentally ill were sent to mental hospitals that were unhealthy and dangerous. A push in the mid 1950s for deinstitutionalization began because of activists lobbying for change. Dorothea Dix was one of these activists that helped push for change. TheRead MorePolice Perceptions And Programs Like Crisis Intervention Teams1281 Words   |  6 Pageshave the most discretion when deciding what to do with mentally ill individuals who commit crimes. Mentally ill individuals are more likely to be arrested regardless of severeness or type of crime, then any other population. There have been several cases that suggest that police use of force with mentally ill individuals is different. This field of study is relatively new and there are few studies that examine use of force with the mentally ill. But, there are several pieces of evidence like policeRead MoreDorothy Dix Changed the Prison and Mental Health Systems1068 Words   |  4 Pagesdecided that the prison and menta l health systems could be improved to be kinder and more effective institutions. She saw a change to be complete in the world and made it her task to recreate the prison and mental health systems in a new and superior style. Throughout the years, prisons and mental health asylums have changed greatly, especially concerning unfair prison treatment, the reform movement, and today’s important impact. Before the reform movement, prisoners and the mentally ill were treatedRead MoreCrazy: a Fathers Search Through Americas Mental Healthy Madness - Annotated Bibliography864 Words   |  4 PagesPeriod Annotated Bibliography Doyle, Jim, and Peter Fimrite. Caring for Mentally Ill Criminals Outside of Prison Is Dangerous. Americas Prisons. Ed. Clare Hanrahan. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from Criminally Insane Taking over State Hospitals. San Francisco Chronicle 22 July 2001. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. In this article, the incarceration of the mentally ill is encouraged because it is safer than keeping them in mental institutions

The Primary Determinant Of Rate Of Pay Essay - 1472 Words

The primary determinant of rate of pay is the kind of job an employee performs. Different job require different kinds and level of skills and these skills have varying levels of value to the organization. Typically, the higher the skill levels the higher the pay. Because, employees’ levels of skills tend to affect work efficiency and effectiveness. Many organizations have implemented skill-based pay systems which reward employees for their job skills and competencies they can demonstrate. In skill based pay system, an employee’s job title doesn’t define his or her pay category, skills do. The more skills a worker has, the higher the wage. Skill-based pay systems seems to mean nicely with the changing nature of jobs and the new world of work, Henderson (2004). Another factor that influences an employee’s pay is the kind of business the organization is in. private-sector jobs typically provides higher-rate of pay than public-sector or non-profit jobs. The na ture of the business and its impact on compensation also applies to different industries. For example, restaurants and other retail businesses have notoriously low salaries for operative employees and first –line managers, Henderson (2004). Also, whether or not an organization or particular business unit is unionized can influence an employee’s pay. We find that the wages of unionized workers tend to be higher than those non-unionized employees for comparable jobs, but were true mainly in heavy manufacturing industriesShow MoreRelatedDeterminants Of The Crisis Of Colander s A Manifesto For Economic Sense1439 Words   |  6 PagesThough there are numerous determinants that resulted in the Financial Crisis of 2008, wage stagnation for the majority of Americans and increasing income inequality are among the most influential. The housing bubble that was fueled by subprime lending and indebtedness was a subsequent result of these two determinants. This essay will analyze t he two factors (income inequality and wage stagnation) that contributed to the onset of the crisis, factors that are prolonging the crisis--expressed from theRead MoreThe Role Of Public Health And Disease Prevention1700 Words   |  7 Pagesis aging rapidly. The health system is funded on a pay-as-you-go basis, and unless spending is kept under control, contributions from the dwindling number of active workers could soon be insufficient to cover the cost of care for retirees. 2. What are the costs of various procedures? a. Are these costs regulated? (monitored and controlled?) 3. Is anyone denied healthcare if they cannot pay? B. Healthcare costs in the United StatesRead MoreU.s. Health Care System Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthe larger issues, such as preventable medical errors and infections in hospitals, lack of access to care, and high cost of premiums (Somanader, 2015). Despite the enactment of the ACA and some of the benefits it has provided, the average primary care provider states that they have not seen a change in the overall quality of care that they provide, which is required to perform adequately. They cite that quality metrics and the high volume of patients being seen are negatively impacting qualityRead MoreThe Health Of The Population Health937 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment issues influence and determines the health of individual and population, acting in various combination (Knickman Kovner, 2015). These determinants of health, known as population health determinants generally include genetics, access to health care, individual behavior, social determinant, physical environment (Knickman Kovner, 2015). Determinant factors are fundamental to the prevention of disease, illness, and injury because it illustrates health dispositions on why some individual orRead MoreThe Health Of The Modern Health Care968 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment issues influence and determines the health of individual and population, acting in various combinations (Knickman Kovner, 2015). These determinants of health, known as population health determinants generally include genetics, access to health care, individual behavior, social determinant, physical environment (Knickman Kovner, 2015). Determinant factors are fundamental to the prevention of disease, illness, and injury because it illustrates health dispositions on why some individual orRead MoreEssay Corporate Finance1613 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagers? Corporate finance is a specific area of finance dealing with the financial decisions corporations make and the tools as well as analyses used to make these decisions. The primary goal of corporate finance is to enhance corporate value, without taking excessive financial risks. A corporations managements primary responsibility is to maximize the shareholders wealth which translates to stock price maximization. Corporate finance provides the skills managers need in order to: ï  ¬ IdentifyRead MoreFactors Affecting People s Health And Health Experiences Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages(Cooper, 2014) and these neighborhoods are also referred to as the â€Å"core neighborhoods†. Saskatoon’s core neighborhoods including communities of King George, Meadow Green, Pleasant Hill, Riversdale and Westmount (National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, 2015) consist of a disproportionate proportion of the most vulnerable populations to poverty. Hence, Saskatoon Health Region (SHR) defines its population by using a measure of neighborhood residence and includes Aboriginal status inRead MoreOrganization For Economic Co Operation And Development1026 Words   |  5 Pagesand/or are willing to pay, i.e., via insurance, †¢ Ethics and legality of spreading the burden of cost to those with more resources to increase health, †¢ Health outcomes (Maternal and child mortality and life expectancy are limited measures. Which metrics are best to define a healthy population?), and †¢ Health workforce planning. There are a number of conceptual models that help frame the issues. The WHO’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health model of the social determinants of health conceptualRead MoreCommunicable Disease Epidemiology Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesCanyon University NRS 427 V December 21, 2014 Epidemiology: Chickenpox (Varicella) As stated by to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (CDC, 2013); chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV causes a primary infection that is characterized by a rash with macules, papules, and then vesicles. Other symptoms include fever, lethargy, and pruritus. VZV then remains in the body on the sensory nerve ganglia and can reactivate as at a future time as shinglesRead MoreChild Malnutrition1718 Words   |  7 Pagescomplex and interrelated, it has been researched that the main determinants can be broken down into several levels. The immediate determinants of any childs nutritional status are the childs dietary intake and health. These immediate determinants are ultimately influenced by three other underlying determinants: food security, adequate care of mothers and children, and a proper health environment. Finally, these three underlying determinants are influenced by basic factors: the political resources available

Attitude Formation Free Essays

Attitude FormationCCSF, Shardlow In Social Psychology attitudes are defined as positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought. Attitudes typically have three components. †¢ The cognitive component is made up of the thoughts and beliefs people hold about the object of the attitude. We will write a custom essay sample on Attitude Formation or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ The affective component consists of the emotional feelings stimulated by the object of the attitude. †¢ The behavioral component consists of predispositions to act in certain ways toward an attitude object. The object of an attitude can be anything people have opinions about. Therefore, individual people, groups of people, institutions, products, social trends, consumer products, etc. all can be attitudinal objects. †¢ Attitudes involve social judgments. They are either for, or against, pro, or con, positive, or negative; however, it is possible to be ambivalent about the attitudinal object and have a mix of positive and negative feelings and thoughts about it. †¢ Attitudes involve a readiness (or predisposition) to respond; however, for a variety of reasons we don’t always act on our attitudes. †¢ Attitudes vary along dimensions of strength and accessibility. Strong attitudes are very important to the individual and tend to be durable and have a powerful impact on behavior, whereas weak attitudes are not very important and have little impact. Accessible attitudes come to mind quickly, whereas other attitudes may rarely be noticed. †¢ Attitudes tend to be stable over time, but a number of factors can cause attitudes to change. †¢ Stereotypes are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. †¢ A prejudice is an arbitrary belief, or feeling, directed toward a group of people or its individual members. Prejudices can be either positive or negative; however, the term is usually used to refer to a negative attitude held toward members of a group. Prejudice may lead to discrimination, which involves behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. Psychological factors involved in Attitude Formation and Attitude Change 1. Direct Instruction involves being told what attitudes to have by parents, schools, community organizations, religious doctrine, friends, etc. 2. Operant Conditioning is a simple form of learning. It is based on the â€Å"Law of Effect† and involves voluntary responses. Behaviors (including verbal behaviors and maybe even thoughts) tend to be repeated if they are reinforced (i. e. , followed by a positive experience). Conversely, behaviors tend to be stopped when they are punished (i. e. , followed by an unpleasant experience). Thus, if one expresses, or acts out an attitude toward some group, and this is reinforced by one’s peers, the attitude is strengthened and is likely to be expressed again. The reinforcement can be as subtle as a smile or as obvious as a raise in salary. Operant conditioning is especially involved with the behavioral component of attitudes. 3. Classical conditioning is another simple form of learning. It involves involuntary responses and is acquired through the pairing of two stimuli. Two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused and before long the person responds in the same way to both events. Originally studied by Pavlov, the process requires an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that produces an involuntary (reflexive) response (UCR). If a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired, either very dramatically on one occasion, or repeatedly for several acquisition trials, the neutral stimulus will lead to the same response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. At this point the stimulus is no longer neutral and so is referred to as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the response has now become a learned response and so is referred to as a conditioned response (CR). In Pavlov’s research the UCS was meat powder which led to an UCR of salivation. The NS was a bell. At first the bell elicited no response from the dog, but eventually the bell alone caused the dog to salivate. Advertisers create positive attitudes towards their products by presenting attractive models in their ads. In this case the model is the UCS and our reaction to him, or her, is an automatic positive response. The product is the original NS which through pairing comes to elicit a positive conditioned response. In a similar fashion, pleasant or unpleasant experiences with members of a particular group could lead to positive or negative attitudes toward that group. Classical conditioning is especially involved with the emotional, or affective, component of attitudes. 4. Social (Observational) Learning is based on modeling. We observe others. If they are getting reinforced for certain behaviors or the expression of certain attitudes, this serves as vicarious reinforcement and makes it more ikely that we, too, will behave in this manner or express this attitude. Classical conditioning can also occur vicariously through observation of others. 5. Cognitive Dissonance exists when related cognitions, feelings or behaviors are inconsistent or contradictory. Cognitive dissonance creates an unpleasant state of tension that motivates people to reduce their dissonance by changing their cognitions, feel ing, or behaviors. For example, a person who starts out with a negative attitude toward marijuana will experience cognitive dissonance if they start smoking marijuana and find themselves enjoying the experience. The dissonance they experience is thus likely to motivate them to either change their attitude toward marijuana, or to stop using marijuana. This process can be conscious, but often occurs without conscious awareness. 6. Unconscious Motivation. Some attitudes are held because they serve some unconscious function for an individual. For example, a person who is threatened by his homosexual feelings may employ the defense mechanism of reaction formation and become a crusader against homosexuals. Or, someone who feels inferior may feel somewhat better by putting down a group other than her own. Because it is unconscious, the person will not be aware of the unconscious motivation at the time it is operative, but may become aware of it as some later point in time. 7. Rational Analysis involves the careful weighing of evidence for, and against, a particular attitude. For example, a person may carefully listen to the presidential debates and read opinions of political experts in order to decide which candidate to vote for in an election. How to cite Attitude Formation, Essay examples

Common Law V. Uniform Commercial Code- Assignment Help

Question: Determine if the contracts with the businesses will be governed by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), and explain why.Analyze whether the owner formed a contract with the businesses, and apply the five essential elements of an enforceable contract. Explain the potential personal liability to Acme Fireworks if a spectator is injured by a stray firework from a fireworks display. Discuss the different employment types and relationships relevant to agency law, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each type specific to Acme Fireworks. Explain why Acme Fireworks should not operate as a sole proprietorship. Recommend a new business entity, and provide rationale to support your recommendation. Answer: In the given case study, the owner of Acme Fireworks has received many inquiries from large businesses and the owner of the company wants to create displays of fireworks on a regular basis. The owner has told the inquiries that company could fill the display orders only when the price per display is agreed and decided on. It was discussed that most of the cost for the firework display was for skilled labor, the actual service for setting off the fireworks and insurance. The owner is expecting that there might be the need of hiring new employees; however, he is worried that if the displays do not continue then the company will have to fund the new employees. Additionally, the owner also wants to change the business entity. As a manager of Acme Fireworks, I shall advice the owner of Acme on the below mentioned points: Common Law v. Uniform Commercial Code: The principles of contract law are applied and understood across the United States in general. The common law and the Uniform Commercial Code are covered in contract law. Common law deals with transactions that are related to services, intangible assets, real estate and employment (Callahan et al., 2014). UCC deals with contractual transactions that are related to goods or any kind of tangible object, such as purchase of a bike or car. The UCC is an evolution of common law and it deals with only those transactions that in which the goods are moveable. The UCC was created to unify the state laws that are related to business to transform them into a single law so that all states could make trade or commerce easier or efficient (Ayres, 2012). In the given case study, goods shall be considered as the display of firework, which the owner of the company shall be conducting. The goods in this context shall not mean the firework, as they are not being sold independently (McKendrick, 2014). T he owner shall be displaying the same, once a particular product or good is displayed it stays no longer movable and this makes the transaction between the owners and the inquiries as part of the common law governance. Service contracts also form part of the common law, despite the fact that they involve services. According to Courts, goods and services are hybrid contracts as they are a combination of both. In most cases, Court adhere to the common law principles of difference between goods or services and have considered that hybrid contracts involve an element of common law in which UCC shall not be applicable. Hence, in the given case study, the principles of common law shall be applicable (Landa, 2014). Essentials of a Valid Contract: The important elements that should be established to view the formation of a legally binding contract are: Offer: an offer is a promise to do something or to abstain from doing something. An offer is made in exchange or in return of a promise to do a certain act. A contract without offer is not a valid contract; this is the first and the most important step of a valid contract. The person who makes the offer is called the offeree and the person to whom it is made is called offeror. In the given case scenario, the inquiries can be considered as the offer that was made to the owner of the Acme Firework (Hillman, 2012). Acceptance: Once the offer is accepted by the offeror another important step of a valid contract is invoked and this is called acceptance. Acceptance means agreement of the offeror to the offer that is made by the offeree. Hence, acceptance means assent to the terms of the offeree. The acceptance of the offer by the owner can be considered as formation of the legal contract (Martin, 2014). Consideration: the parties to the contract must provide something to each other that have value and that persuades them to enter into an agreement. This is called consideration. Consideration is the most important part of formation of a valid contract and a contract is considered as void if there is absence of a valid consideration. In this case, consideration can be regarded as the price of the display that was agreed on (Puil Weele, 2014). Obligation: the mutuality of obligation doctrine is closely related to the doctrine of consideration. According to the doctrine of mutuality of obligation, either the parties are bound to execute their duties, or the law will treat the contract as if none of the party is bound to perform their duties. This doctrine does not give unrestrained power to the any of the parties to the contract to act in an arbitrary way. The doctrine imposes restrictions on both the parties to the contract to act in an absolute manner. In this case, the mutuality of obligation includes the other terms of the contract that makes the contract fair and just (Ayres, 2012). Competency or Capacity: a natural person who enters into the agreement has the legal capability to be held responsible for the duties that he or she is bound to undertake unless the person is a minor or a person of unsound mind or an intoxicated person. A minor is a person whose age is between 18 to 21 years. In the United States, a contract with the minor is voidable. This means that the contract can be cancelled at the option of the minor. A person of unsound mind is the person who does not have the legal capacity to understand the legal consequences of contract. Likewise, a contract with an intoxicated person is void. The parties to the contract, that is the owner and the businesses have the legal authority and capacity to enter into the contract (Puil Weele, 2014). Hence, a valid contract existed between the owner of the Acme Fireworks and the businesses. Fireworks Injuries The display of fireworks that can awe audiences can also cause injuries to them when the firework companies fail to take proper step in the manufacturing or igniting of fireworks. However, the injuries that are caused by the fireworks are rare but the misuse or mishandling of the same may lead to many injuries. Spectators who are injured from the fireworks have the right to seek compensation or recover damages from the manufacturer or owner of the fireworks display (Knapp, 2013). The spectators may hold the owner of the firework company liable for negligence. This means that the spectator may file a case against the owner for negligence under tort law. The liability is however, not restricted to the owner of the firework display, the persons who organise the show may also be held liable for failure to provide proper supervision of such activity. Hence, victims may recover damages from the owner of the fireworks. Additionally, individuals who misuse the firework may be held liable and the victims may ask seek compensation from them for the misuse of the fireworks (Twigg-Flesner, 2013). Different types of Employment and Relevancy with Agency Law: The most common type of employment is full time, part time or temporary employees. The owner of the Acme Fireworks currently has fifteen employees and they are currently working for this company. However, the working conditions have not been specified and there is no clear indication as to what type of employee do they fall under. The employees of Acme are paid on hourly basis or are paid on yearly salary. Employees who work on hourly or yearly basis shall have the benefits of social and federal security. Regular state taxes shall be deducted from their payment checks and they shall be given the benefit of medical insurance depending whether the company offers that benefit or not (Poole, 2014). These are the basic employment benefits and this may differ from one employee to the other employee and may differ from the type of employment. When an employee is hired at any given organisation then he is given a description that states the job description for which he or she is hired. It is the duty of the employee to follow the directives of the employer. If the employee does not follow the directives of the employer then he or she may be terminated from the company (Chen-Wishart, 2012). Independent Contractors: Independent contractors have many advantages. The owner does not have to provide any benefits with any employment benefits. This may include things like not having to deduct the taxes of payroll or any other additional liability or coverage. The owner can cancel the contract at any point of time and he has no obligation to provide severance package or pay bonus to the employee (Andrews, 2016). The only hitch in hiring independent contractors is that they have to pay 25 percent to 30 percent higher than the regular paid wages. The reason behind this is that they carry their own responsibility and liability. For the shorter period, this is more expensive but independent contractors are paid a certain amount of money for the fulfilment of their duties. They are also paid incentives if the terms of their agreement have specified that they are eligible for payment of incentives. Hiring of independent contractors can be beneficial to the owners as they give them the opportunity of saving a lot of money. The owners should consider the above-mentioned points when hiring the contractors during the peak season such as New Years Eve (Gallagher et al., 2012). Employee v. Independent Contractor: Both employees and independent contractor receive payment after completion of their work. However, an employee is subject to strict working conditions whereas an independent contractor does not have specific terms of the contract. An employee is given many benefits such as pay roll taxes and other insurances whereas an independent contractor cannot avail any benefits from the employment (Burton, 2012). Keeping in mind the kind of business Acme Firework is involved in, employment contracts may be the most advantageous kind of contract for the employees whereas for the owner, the hiring of independent contractors may be beneficial for them. For the employees the associated benefits of employment lures them and for the owner the short term economic saving lures them in hiring independent contractors especially at the peak season (Poole, 2014). Recommendation: Acme Fireworks should operate as LLC or a limited liability company. A LLC offers the protection of liability to the corporation without combing with the burdensome formalities of the organisation. It is because of this reason that a LLC has become very popular and is regarded as one of the best business kind. The working tradition in a LLC is very flexible. LLC can be divided as either corporations or partnerships (Chen-Wishart, 2012). It is easy to manage a LLC by making it a partnership firm as there is a division of responsibilities between the partners and both the partners are restricted because of their liabilities they hold. The liability in a partnership LLC is only until the amount of their investment. LLC can also establish board of directors and can have officers or presidents just like a corporation. LLC can also hold shares and it can make their shares available to the shareholders for investment. LLCs can hold regular meetings to discuss the working and policies of the company (McKendrick, 2014). However, they may also chose ignore such formalities. Hence, it is advisable for Acme to change their company from sole proprietorship to a LLC. The working culture and manner of a LLC is much more regularised than a sole proprietorship. Conclusion: The company, Acme fireworks, is expanding in the wake of new opportunities and the company has to understand the best sources available that may help in expanding their business. The firm is in need of employees and it is important for the company to understand the kind of employees that they have to hire that suits the needs of the growing company. The contract of Acme is legal in nature that is guided by common law principles. References: Andrews, N. (2016). Sources and General Principles of English Contract Law. InArbitration and Contract Law(pp. 165-175). Springer International Publishing. Ayres, I. (2012).Studies in Contract Law. Foundation Press. Burton, S. J. (2012). Principles of contract law. Callahan, D. J., Chiow, J. M., Kramer, L. B., Zamaray, O. S. (2014). A REVIEW OF RECENT DECISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT: AREA SUMMARY: 2013 GOVERNMENT CONTRACT LAW DECISIONS OF THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT.Am. UL Rev.,63, 1307-1957. Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford University Press. Gallagher, M., Giles, J., Park, A., Wang, M. (2013). China's Labour Contract Law: Implementation and implications for China's workers.Human Relations, 1-39. Hillman, R. A. (2012).The richness of contract law: An analysis and critique of contemporary theories of contract law(Vol. 28). Springer Science Business Media. Hunter, H. (2015). Modern Law of Contracts. Knapp, C. L. (2013). Unconscionability in American Contract Law: A Twenty-First Century Survey.UC Hastings Research Paper, (71). Landa, J. T. (2014). A theory of the ethnically homogeneous middleman group: an institutional alternative to contract law (with an Afterword).Handbook of East Asian Entrepreneurship, 82. Martin, C. H. (2014).Every1's Guide to Electronic Contracts-Contract Law on How to Create Electronic Signatures and ContractsCharles Martin was frustrated with one-sided and confusing contracts offered by companies on websites and in emails. After years of practicing contract law, and of teaching and writing about electronic contracts, he decided to write a book for consumers, employees and businesses about those contracts. Every1s Guide shows consumers, employees and businesses how to protect themselves against unfair .... McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Poole, J. (2014).Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press, USA. Puil, J. V. D., Weele, A. V. (2014). Contract Law and Tort Law. InInternational Contracting: Contract Management in Complex Construction Projects(pp. 285-292). Twigg-Flesner, C. (2013).The Europeanisation of contract law: current controversies in law. Routledge.

Bully Prevention Program free essay sample

This program has become successful at the Midway elementary school in Utah, because it is ran off of four hallmarks which are: Lead to systematic change, garner commitment for all, teach comprehensive strategies and skills and continue year after year. Within the paper, I will discuss my belief of the succession of this type of program in an elementary school setting in inner city Philadelphia schools. Bully Prevention Program In recent years, bullying within schools has become one of the most serious issues we have been faced with. Data shows that children as young as age 11 have committed suicide because they were no longer able to deal with the pressure of being bullied. Because of this and other factors involving school bullying, congress have begun to work on a legislation called the safe school improvement act, which require schools to collect data and establish certain guidelines regarding disciplinary actions and they must also come up with a system to register complaints to combat bullying within their schools. We will write a custom essay sample on Bully Prevention Program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, since this is not a law that has been enacted, Brent Burnham, a school counselor at Midway Elementary School in Midway, Utah has decided to implement her own school wide bullying prevention program at her school. The bully prevention program at Midway elementary was implemented 7 years ago. Within the program, Burnham has developed four core principles that she believes has made their program successful. The first of the four principles is, lead to systematic change. This principle says that there must be a change within the school at all levels and there must be a change ithin the community as well, because in order for the program to be successful, you must change the culture of the schools environment. The second principle that Burnham implemented was garner commitment for all. This principle says that all of the schools staff, including the school bus driver, should be on board with the implementation of the program for the program to be a success. The third principle in the bully prevention program is, to teach comprehensive strategies and skills. This principle says that effective programs must be comprehensive and there are certain skills that are required by the staff so that they can identify a bullying situation. And the final principle is to continue year after year. In order for the program to be a full success, it must be consistent in what it provides. Often times, schools will start a program but will not follow through with it year after year and the program will then fizzle out. The bully prevention program at Midway elementary also has key components which are implemented sequentially. These components are, administrative support: you must have the support from the staff and the school administration, and a strong support team. Data: proper record keeping must be kept; also the program should be evaluated. Staff training: all staff should be trained on how to recognize and identify bullies and their victims and also be able to determine if a situation is a true violation of the no bullying policy that has been set forth. Student awareness and education: all should be fully aware of the bully policy and clear on the consequences if the policy is violated. There should also be lessons taught to the students about bullying and bully prevention. Critical social skills training to the students: Once the basics have been taught to the students, they will still need additional training on this policy so continuous guidance lesson plans will need to be developed and taught throughout the school. Lastly, targeted intervention for bullies and victims: by keeping proper records of the bullying incident that occur within the school, it will be easy to identify bullies and their targeted victims. Once these children are identified, there will be specific programs for these children. The bullies will express why it is they bully and help will be provided to those students and the victims so they can try to get over the fear they may have. After reading this article, I find that there are some pros and cons to this type program being implemented at inner city schools in Philadelphia. One pro of having this type of program would be to lower the crime rate within the schools. Often times, children bullying other children lead to more violent crimes, for instance, the shooting that happened at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado. Two students embarked on a massacre killing 12 of their classmates and one teacher because they were fed up with being bullied. By having this type of program and addressing these issues early, these types of crimes or less serious crimes can be prevented. Another pro to this type of program is that it teaches children social skills and teach them how to manager their anger and behavior. This program can increase the children’s level of awareness on how bullying can extremely affect their victims and themselves. Another pro to the bully prevention program is that it offers training to the staff. This is a great idea so that everyone will be on the same page in the fight to eliminate and prevent bullying. Also, providing intervention to the bullies is great as well. You have to teach children things while they are young. If this type of program is successfully implemented in elementary schools and in middle and high schools, bullying can be virtually eliminated. However, with pros, there are also cons to the program. One con is trying to get everyone on board. Within the city of Philadelphia, it is historically known that many parents do not partake in their child’s education in the manner that they should, this is one reason why the high school dropout rate is so high. So; trying to get parents on board for the no bullying program may be hard. Since this program is set up for all stakeholders to be involved, without parents help, the program may not be as successful. Another con to this program is the term and definition of bullying being misunderstood and misinterpreted by the staff that is to put into action the consequences for this behavior. What you do not want to happen is, children who are simply horse playing or just kidding around with one another being accused of bullying when that was not the case. The training to the staff must be thorough and put into clear plain terms so little is left to be assumed. With bullying becoming an epidemic, I believe this type of program is definitely needed and has the potential to be successful within all levels of schools within the School District of Philadelphia. The program may need to be tweaked for each grade level (elementary, middle and high school) but if it is implemented properly it could be a success. School counselors are in a unique position with having to put in place such a program and to be sure that it work, but this is why they are trained very well to address these types of social emotional behaviors. Although the pros of having such a program out weight the cons, the major problem that could be a potential road block for implementing the program is funding. The School District of Philadelphia has reached a plateau in its budget deficit and recently laid off many of its employees including the superintendent. However, with the right proposal for the program, I can not see this being turned down by the board. I think this is something that is definitely needed so that we as counselors can save our children and our community. References Burnham, Brent. (2011, July 1). School wide bully prevention program. http://schoolcounselor. membershipsoftware. org/article_content. asp? article=1215.

Scatterplot

Scatterplot graphs may not mean much to most people, but to an educated statistician, or a trained psychoanalyst, a scatterplott graph can tell a person much more than meets the eye. A scatterplot graph allows us to take two separate sets of data, and use a graph to compare and contrast them. If one wanted to show the correlation between two different test scores, they could simply plot the scores on the graph, and either see and immediate correlation, or see that the two are totally not connected in any way. Statistics help us see things that we could normally miss very easily. Using scatterplot graphs properly can show significant consistencies in many things. Graphs like this help show the actual extent to which two things relate. In psychology, this is a very important tool. Psychoanalysts can use scatterplot information in many ways. First, anytime two tests are given, it allows doctors and teachers alike to see if there are consistencies in test scores. This can prove to be a very useful tool. For example, if there is a correlation between SAT scores and LSAT scores, then you can say that a student who does better on his or her SAT is more likely to do better on his or her LSAT also. This may not always tell the exact truth, but assumptions can go a long way. By using a graph format, we can see consistencies and correlations much easier than if we were just looking at a list of data. The main advantage of using a scatterplot graph is that two things which would ordinarily not have any correlation to one another may have more correlation than expected. This means, that from the graph, a person has the ability to find out things that they were not even necessarily looking for Scatterplot graphs also allow a psychoanalyst to predict what will happen in the future. People have their own averages. If a student who normally does well does poorly on an exam, he wil...

Group Design and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Group Design and Management - Essay Example According to Suh, (1995), Axiomatic design provides the designer with a theoretical foundation based on processes which are logical and rational thought. Axiomatic design can also be used to create Functional Requirements (FRs) and Design Parameters (DPs). The creation of these two ensures that all necessary elements of design are incorporated thereby making it possible to narrow down to possible solutions. The other elements of axiomatic design inline with these are the customer attributes (CAs) and Process Variables (PVs). According to Cochran, et al. (2000, p. 12), the customer domain is characterized by the customer attributes that the customer is looking for in a process, product, system or any other object to be designed. Cochran et al continue to clarify that customer attributes are specified in terms of functional requirements and constraints in the functional domain. Therefore, functional requirements represent the real goals and objectives of the design. Expression of how o ne need to satisfy the functional requirements is done by design parameters. Then lastly, systems variables are stated in the process domain incase in order to arrive at a design solution specified by design parameters (p. 13). ... 13). Application of axioms calls for breaking them down in a structure that is hierarchical. This therefore means that in order to engineer a design, there are three essential elements. These elements according to Suh (2001) are: the axioms, the structure, and the process of creating that structure. Suh (1990) suggests that the axioms are decomposed into rules upon which design is governed. Structures are decomposed vertically into design hierarchies and laterally into design domains (Suh, 1990, 2001). Suh (2001), states that the processes comprise of decompositions by zigzagging between the domains of designs downwards to the leaf levels or nitty-gritty. This simple means that it ends up with the most detailed fundamental level of the hierarchy of design, and the physical integration and composition of the final design. The playing field of design is understood to be the lateral decomposition while the rules of design are the corollaries, axioms, and theorems. The process domain and the customer domain represent the domains as a whole. The relationships between Design Parameters (DPs) and Functional Requirements (FRs) in physical and functional domains are emphasized by design exercises and the process domains. The process domain is used to check the existence of manufacturing processes and process variables that are reasonable. This is of great use in concurrent engineering. Tool design and manufacturing processes are recast as product design problems aligned with the right customer DPs and FRs. A good design calls for proper definition of FRs. It is not possible for the final design to be better than FRs. In addressing problems, there is usually a tendency by engineers to

Short and Medium-Term Loan in the UAE Policies and Procedures Research Paper

Short and Medium-Term Loan in the UAE Policies and Procedures - Research Paper Example The financial institute considered for the purpose of this report is HSBC Bank Middle East Ltd. This bank for the purpose of granting the loan to the company shall make a complete review of the financial position of the company. The financial analysis would include a cash flow analysis, analysis of the various ratios like profitability ratio, liquidity ratio and gearing ratio, an analysis by the long-term creditor and examination of the collateral securities that the company has to offer to the bank for the loan purpose. The cash flow analysis flashes a detailed view of the inflow and outflow of cash into and from the business respectively. Pertaining to the income statement the operating cash flow shows the increase and decrease in cash. The cash flow showing the investments depicts the increase and decrease in assets. The various kinds of ratios are studied thoroughly to bring out the actual position of the company. The ratios that are studied, contributes to knowing the various as sets and liabilities and their impact individually and as a whole on the business unit. The various ratios studied are profitability ratio, liquidity ratio, and leverage ratio. The analyses of these ratios provide a clear picture of not only the company’s assets and liabilities but also forecasts possible profits and losses of the enterprise. The various provisions provided by HSBC Bank Middle East Ltd. are studied and the various kinds of loan that this bank has for its customers are also keenly observed. According to the requirements of an individual or a business customer, loans may be chosen by the customer from the bank. The processes and procedures involved in obtaining the loan are closely observed and recommended accordingly. The business environment of UAE and the various provisions for the foreign investors are enumerated in details. The various aspects that UAE takes a heed of apart from facilitating business activities in the country are also keenly studied. The f acility of free zone is largely talked about including its advantages and also the various barriers that a foreign investor may face in UAE are discussed. The advantages of local rather Emirati–owned business unit over the foreign investors are also included in the discussion. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 The Nature and Purpose of Loan Requested By the Customer 6 Bank’s Policy In Terms of Granting Loans 7 Types and Nature of Financial Information the Customers Are Required To Furnish To Support the Purpose of the Loan 10 Types of Analysis the Banks Usually Do 11 Types and Nature of Security the Bank Usually Ask For 14 Impact of the Most Recent Downturns of the Economy and Massive Business Failures of HSBC Bank Middle East 15 Bank’s Specialization on Handling Such Loans 16 Any Government Incentive And Or Support the Banks Receive In Handling Such Loans 17 UAE’s Business Environment Facilitating Emirati-Owned Businesses 17 Conclusion 19 References 21 Introduction The lending institutions are generally seen to offer loans for different periods based on the purpose of the loan, such as short–term, long–term, and medium–term. In the context of business, the short-term loans that are offered by the banks are usually to curb the needs of working capital of the business. These working capital needs of a company may range from raw materials purchase, electricity bills to be paid and payment of taxes among others.  Ã‚  

Operations and Logistics Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Operations and Logistics Management - Essay Example Supply chain gap analysis is explained in the essay to analyse the problems faced by Tesco regarding SCM. The operational issues and the business functions of Tesco are evaluated throughout the essay with regard to supply chain. It has been consequently observed from the essay that the effectiveness of the business largely depends on a strong SCM along with the productive relationship amid the partners. The businesses around the world are inclined towards strengthening their supply chain management (SCM) in order to attain greater competitive traction. Supply chain is the cohesive activity that brings not only the product in the market place but also generates satisfied customers. SCM domain covers a wide range of activities in the functional area. In other words, SCM includes all the activities that are associated from the procurement of the raw materials to the production and transportation of the finished good to the end customer. The business in order to be effective and successful in the marketplace uses the SCM model to eliminate the wastage of time and effort with the aim to deliver he finished goods in timely manner to the end customers. The major assumption behind incorporation of SCM model is based on the belief that the sooner the products reach the customer the sales of the business will increase. The supply chain includes various channels such as the manufacturing, ope rational, transportation, warehousing and then physical distribution of the products. Supply chain is established by the company to create value for the stakeholders by providing required value to customer in the right time at the right place. In this regard, it can be stated that Tesco is effective in the market with wide customer base due to its low price products which has materialised primarily owing to its strong SCM (Beamon, 1998). Tesco Plc is one of the leading global retailers with various retail stores serving millions of

Islamic Law In Saudi Arabia Sociology Essay

Islamic Law In Saudi Arabia Sociology Essay Islamic law, or Sharia (termed Syariah in Malaysia), refers to the sacred holy laws of the Islamic religion. Sharia mingles with multiple fields addressed by secular law, which may include economics, crime, and politics, as well as personal matters such as  hygiene and sexuality. Sharia mainly derives from two sources, of which the 1st one would be the heavenly revelations in the Quran, and the 2nd being examples and sayings laid down by Prophet Muhammad within the Sunnah. In addition to the above mentioned sources, secondary sources are also adopted. One example of these secondary sources is the ijma of various prominent ulamas in the Islamic world. In regards of the topic at hand, I shall explain how Islamic law is practiced in Saudi Arabia. Before I go into explaning how Sharia is practiced in Saudi Arabia, I would like to point out that this essay will only touch on the developments and the ways in which Sharia is implemented in the Third State of Arabia, also known as the current Saudi Arabia. Sharia was officially enforced in Saudi Arabia by the Basic Law in 1992. The Basic Law of Saudi Arabia is a charter written in Arabic which bears marking resemblance to a constitution. It is divided into nine chapters, and consists of 83 articles. It is based on the Salafi school of understanding of Sharia and it does not bypass the fiqh. In Chapter 1: Article 1 of the said charter, it is expressly written that, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a sovereign Arab Islamic state with Islam as its religion; Allahs Book and the Sunnah of His Prophet, Allahs prayers and peace be upon him, are its constitution, Arabic is its language and Riyadh is its capital. In Saudi Arabia, criminal cases are tried under Sharia courts. These courts exercise authority over the entire population. In other words, people who are not of Islamic faith are still subjected to the criminal laws of Saudi Arabia. Cases which involve small penalties are adjudicated in Sharia Summary Courts, whilst more serious crimes are tried in Sharia Courts of Common Pleas. In events where either party finds the decision made was unsatisfactory, the said party can also appeal through the Court of Appeal. For civil cases, it could also be tried in Sharia Courts, but with one exception: Muslim of the Shia denomination may try such cases in their own courts. Other civil proceedings, such as those involving claims against the Saudi Arabia government, and claims on the enforcement of foreign judgements, are held before a special panel in certain specialized administrative tribunals, such as the Board of Grieviences, and Commission for The Settlement of Labor Disputes. In strict adherance to the Saudis sources of law, the system prescribes  corporal penalty or capital penalty, which in the Sharia sense may include  amputations  of limbs for certain crimes such as  homicide,  rape, robbery, drugs trafficking, adultery, and  homosexual/bisexual activities. It is to note that petty theft is also punishable by the means of amputation of the hand, although, it is rare for first-time offenders. For less serious crimes, such as drunkenness, the courts may impose less severe punishments, such as  floggings. Under Saudi law, when someone commits murder, accidental death, and/or bodily harm, the said person is open or subject to punishment from the victims family. Retribution may also be, and are usually, sought through the method of  blood money. It is to note that the blood money being payable for causing a womans accidental death, or, that of a Christian male,  is only half as much as that for a Muslim male. All the others (men or women of different faiths and believes other than Islam) are valued at 1/16th. The main reasoning for this, according to the Sharia, men are expected by right to be providers for their families and thus are expected and assumed to earn more fiscally in their lifetimes. The blood money by a man would be expected to be enough to sustain his family, for at least a short period of time. Honor killings are also not punished as severely as murder. This generally stems from the fact that honor killings are within a family, and done to compensate for some dishonorable act committed.   Saudi Arabia is also the one and only country in the world where women are prohibited to drive on public roads. Women can only drive in off-road conditions and in private housing compounds, some of which extend to many square miles. The ban may be lifted soon, although with certain conditions. The Saudi government regard its construction of Islamic law as its sole source of guidance on human rights, and Sharia has failed to evolve and develop to ensure the rights of women are protected. In addition to prohibition on driving on public roads, women are not allowed to travel around without the permission, written or verbal, of their closest male kin. This resulted in women being restricted from travel by their sons and/or younger brothers. Divorcees are required by law to return to the home of their father, and any form of travel must then be approved the father. In other words, under Saudis law, women of 30 or more years old cannot make independent decisions without the approval of male relatives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.MORE TO COME. QUICK OVERVIEW OF THE PRACTICE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN SAUDI ARABIA Human rights  in  Saudi Arabia  are based on  sharia  laws  under the rule of the  Saudi royal family.  The Saudi Arabian government has also been known and criticized for its lack of regard for the religious political minorities,  homosexuality, and  women. The Human rights of Saudi Arabia are specified in article 26 of the  Basic Law of Saudi Arabia, the constitution of Saudi Arabia, as mentioned earlier. Then, in October 1997, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ratified the  International Convention against Torture according to the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. The first independent human rights organization in Saudi Arabia, the  National Society for Human Rights, was established in 2004.  In 2008, the  Shura Council  ratified the  Arab Charter on Human Rights. It is to note that Saudi Arabia, is one of around thirty countries in the world with that still practices  judicial corporal punishment. For Saudia Arabias judicial corporal punishments may include  amputations  of either limbs  for robbery, and  flogging  for smaller crimes such as drunkenness. The exact number of lashes is vaguely prescribed by the law; it is varied in accordance to the judges discretion, and may range from dozens of lashes to several hundred, which is usually applied over a period of weeks or months. In 2004, the  United Nations  Committee against  Torture  criticized and deplored the Saudi Arabian law over the  amputations  and  floggings  it carries out under  Sharia. The Saudi delegates, responded, unfazed, in the defence of legal  traditions that has been held since the birth of Islam 1,400 years ago, and rejected interference of any kind in its legal framework. For serious law-offenders, Saudi Arabia also engage themselves in  capital punishment, which in Sharia include the likes of public executions by  beheading.  Beheading is the punishment for rapists, armed robberers, drug traffickers and of course, murderers, according to strict interpretation of  Islamic law. In 2005 there were 191 executions, in 2006 there were 38, in 2007 there were 153, and in 2008 there were 102. To illustrate how serious is human rights infringement in Saudi Arabia, I would like to draw a simple reference to a spokesman for Saudi Arabias National Society for Human Rights. He reasoned that numbers of executions are rising because crime rates are rising, that prisoners are treated humanely, and that the  beheadings  deter crime, saying, Allah, our creator, knows best whats good for his peopleShould we just think of and preserve the rights of the murderer and not think of the rights of others? WOMEN RIGHTS/GENDER ISSUES Religion affects all aspects of life in Saudi Arabia, and Saudi women face  discrimination  in many aspects of their lives. The Sunni Muslims in Saudi Arabia, which is about 90% of the population, are governed by strict conservative interpretations of Islam. Saudi Arabia is a patriarchal society in which women are treated and seen as 2nd class citizens only. And because of that, they continue to become victims of discrimination, everyday. They have lesser say than men in family matters; their freedom of movement is very limited; and their economic opportunities and rights are restricted. In addition, womens actions and choices depends on the permission or wishes of their mahram. Saudi Arabia also applies rules of strict gender segregation and unrelated men and women are separated in all public places. Women also, do not enjoy the freedom of dress, but are required to cover themselves completely from head-to-toe. The usual dress-code includes a jet black cloak-like garment (abaya) and a matching face veil (niqba). Women who deliberately choose to not cover or as they say, protect, themselves fully, which r ates is increasing in certain parts of the country, run the risk of being provoked and harassed. Although they make up 70% of those enrolled in universities, for social reasons, women make up just 5% of the workforce in Saudi Arabia, the lowest proportion in the world. These treatments of women has been referred by social scientists as Sex segregation  and gender apartheid. Even implementation of a government resolution supporting the expansion of employment opportunities for women, met strong resistance from within the labour ministry, from the religious police, and from the male citizenry. In most parts of Saudi Arabia, it is thought that a womans place in this world is in the home, tending for her spouse and family. Rooting from tradition, there is also segregation inside their own houses as some rooms have separate entrances for men and women. Before 2008, women were not allowed to enter hotels and furnished apartments without a chaperon or  mahram. With a 2008 Royal Decree, the one and only requirement needed nowadays to enable women to enter hotels are their national ID cards, but the hotel must let the nearest police station know of their length of stay and room reservation. The driving ban for women was unofficial until 1990 when it was introduced as official legislation after 47 Saudi women drove cars through the streets of the Saudi capital, Riyadh. Even though illegal, women in rural areas and other areas outside cities do drive cars. It may sound made-up, but according to credible studies, many Saudis believe that allowing women to drive could lead to Western-style openness and an erosion of traditional values. Womens rights calls for reform in Saudi Arabia calls that are testing the Kingdoms political status quo. International, as well as local womens groups are also forcing the government to react, taking advantage of the fact that some rulers are eager to project a more progressive image to the West. WOMEN/FAMILY LAW While the Saudi Arabian law is silent on the legal age of marriage, the practice of forced marriages was prohibited by the countrys religious authority in 2005. Nevertheless, to be fair to the case, the level to which said bride is involved in decision-making in regards of her own marriage varies between families. According to Saudis family law, the marriage contract is between the mahram of the bride and the husband-to-be. An estimated 16 percent of girls between 15 and 19 years of age are currently married, divorced or widowed in Saudi Arabia. Polygamy is allowed under Sharia and a Muslim male could take as many as 4 wives, given that he can give equal support and treatment. The practice is reportedly on the decline, but both for demographic and economic reasons. Women are discriminated against with regards to parental authority as, legally, children belong to their father. If divorced or widowed, a woman is normally granted custody of daughters until they reach the age of nine and sons until they reach the age of seven. Older children are often awarded to the divorced husband or the paternal grandparents. Women cannot confer citizenship to their children (if born to a non-Saudi Arabian father). Female genital mutilation is not a general practice, but reports suggest that there is some occurrence of the practice among Shia Muslims in the Eastern Province, and possibly among some Bedouin groups. Violence against women is common and there are no specific laws addressing the issue, nor any adequate protection for the victims. Incidents of domestic violence are rarely reported or even talked about publicly. For instance, the so-called honour crimes, whereby a woman is put to death or punished by male family members for having put disgrace to the family honour, are also prevalent. The suspicion alone of a womans wrong-doing is often enough for her to be subject to violence in the name of honour. Women, as well as men, may be subject to harassment by the countrys religious police, the mutawwain; torture (although outlawed); and physical punishments, often without having their case presented in court. Islamic law provides for detailed and complex calculations of inheritance shares. A woman may inherit from her father, her mother, her husband, her children, and under certain conditions, from other members of her family, but her share is generally smaller than a mans entitlement. A daughter, for example, inherits half as much as a son. This is commonly justified by the fact that a woman has no financial responsibility towards her husband and children. Women, particularly in rural areas, are often deprived even of their entitled share as they are considered to be supported by their fathers or husbands.

The History of Math Essay -- Mathematics Education Logic Numbers Essay

The History of Math Mathematics, study of relationships among quantities, magnitudes, and properties and of logical operations by which unknown quantities, magnitudes, and properties may be deduced. In the past, mathematics was regarded as the science of quantity, whether of magnitudes, as in geometry, or of numbers, as in arithmetic, or of the generalization of these two fields, as in algebra. Toward the middle of the 19th century, however, mathematics came to be regarded increasingly as the science of relations, or as the science that draws necessary conclusions. This latter view encompasses mathematical or symbolic logic, the science of using symbols to provide an exact theory of logical deduction and inference based on definitions, axioms, postulates, and rules for combining and transforming primitive elements into more complex relations and theorems. This brief survey of the history of mathematics traces the evolution of mathematical ideas and concepts, beginning in prehistory. Indeed, mathematics is nearly as old as humanity itself; evidence of a sense of geometry and interest in geometric pattern has been found in the designs of prehistoric pottery and textiles and in cave paintings. Primitive counting systems were almost certainly based on using the fingers of one or both hands, as evidenced by the predominance of the numbers 5 and 10 as the bases for most number systems today. Ancient Mathematics The earliest records of advanced, organized mathematics date back to the ancient Mesopotamian country of Babylonia and to Egypt of the 3rd millennium BC. There mathematics was dominated by arithmetic, with an emphasis on measurement and calculation in geometry and with no trace of later mathematical concepts such as axioms or proofs. The earliest Egyptian texts, composed about 1800 BC, reveal a decimal numeration system with separate symbols for the successive powers of 10 (1, 10, 100, and so forth), just as in the system used by the Romans. Numbers were represented by writing do wn the symbol for 1, 10, 100, and so on as many times as the unit was in a given number. For example, the symbol for 1 was written five times to represent the number 5, the symbol for 10 was written six times to represent the number 60, and the symbol for 100 was written three times to represent the number 300. Together, these symbols represented the number 365. Addition was d... ...eat impetus to areas of mathematics such as numerical analysis and finite mathematics. It has suggested new areas for mathematical investigation, such as the study of algorithms. It has also become a powerful tool in areas as diverse as number theory, differential equations, and abstract algebra. In addition, the computer has made possible the solution of several long-standing problems in mathematics, such as the four-color problem first proposed in the mid-19th century. The theorem stated that four colors are sufficient to color any map, given that any two countries with a contiguous boundary require different colors. The theorem was finally proved in 1976 by means of a large-scale computer at the University of Illinois. Mathematical knowledge in the modern world is advancing at a faster rate than ever before. Theories that were once separate have been incorporated into theories that are both more comprehensive and more abstract. Although many important problems have been solved , other hardy perennials, such as the Riemann hypothesis, remain, and new and equally challenging problems arise. Even the most abstract mathematics seems to be finding applications. Word Count: 4793